NEET Syllabus 2026: Biology, Physics & Chemistry by NTA

Class 11 Biology Topics

Class 12 Biology Topics

Diversity of Living Organisms

Reproduction

Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Genetics and Evolution

Cell Structure and Function

Biology and Human Welfare

Plant Physiology

Biotechnology and Its Applications

Human Physiology

Ecology and Environment

Unit

Topic

Subtopics

1

Diversity in the Living World

What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; the concept of species and taxonomic hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for the study of taxonomy - museums, herbaria, botanical gardens and key.

2

Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

Morphology and modifications of root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flowers, fruits and seeds. Types of plant tissues and their functions; Structure and functions of different types of animal tissues.

3

Cell Structure and Function

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; cell division - cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis.

4

Plant Physiology

Transport of water and minerals, photosynthesis, respiration, plant growth and development.

5

Human Physiology

Digestion and absorption, breathing and respiration, body fluids and circulation, excretory system, nervous system.

6

Reproduction

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants, human reproductive system.

7

Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian inheritance, inheritance of blood groups, Rh blood type, pedigree analysis, sex-linked inheritance and sex-influenced traits, mutation and genetic drift, gene flow and speciation.

8

Biology and Human Welfare

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases; Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer; HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

9

Biotechnology

Principles and processes of biotechnology, genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology).

10

Ecology and Environment

Organisms and environment; Ecosystem; Biodiversity and its conservation; Pollution.

Unit

Topic

Subtopics

1

Animal Kingdom

Classification and evolution of animals; Aves - structure and function, adaptive radiation; Mammalia - structure, dental formula, dentition, skin and its derivatives; Animal tissues.

2

Structural Organisation in Animals

Phylum - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes. Phylum - Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata. Phylum - Chordata; Origin of chordates, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, characters of chordates up to classes.

3

Animal Physiology

Digestion and absorption, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, nervous system.

4

Human Physiology

Locomotion and movement, neural control and coordination, sensory receptors and sensory perception, endocrine system, human health and diseases.

5

Reproduction

Reproductive health, reproductive rights, human reproductive system, sexual reproduction in animals.

6

Genetics and Evolution

Human genome project; DNA fingerprinting, gene expression and regulation, Eukaryotic genome organization.

7

Biology and Human Welfare

Human diseases; cancer; AIDS; drug and alcohol abuse.

8

Biotechnology

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture.

9

Ecology and Environment

Ecosystems; ecological interactions; conservation of natural resources.

Class 11 Physics Topics

Class 12 Physics Topics

Physical world and Measurement

Electrostatics

Kinematics

Current Electricity

Laws of Motion

Magnetic Effects of Current

Work, Energy and Power

Electromagnetic Induction

Gravitation

Electromagnetic Waves

Thermodynamics

Optics

Oscillations and Waves

Dual Nature of Matter

Properties of Bulk Matter

Atoms and Nuclei

Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

Electronic Devices

Unit

Topic

Subtopics

1

Physics and Measurement

Units of measurements, System of Units, SI Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, Errors in measurements, Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and applications.

2

Kinematics

The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position-time graph, speed, velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed, instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, uniformly accelerated motion equations. Scalars and Vectors, vector addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector, Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

3

Laws of Motion

Force and inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law, Impulses; Newton’s Third Law. Law of conservation of linear momentum, Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force, applications: vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

4

Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant and variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. Potential energy of spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

5

Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum, applications; Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rotational motion equations and comparison of linear and rotational motions.

6

Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity, variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period, energy of satellite.

7

Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus and mand modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law, applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure. Viscosity. Stokes' law. Terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity. Bernoulli's principle and applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess pressure across a curved surface, capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, latent heat. Heat transfer- conduction, convection and radiation.

8

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work, internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

9

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS speed of gas molecules, Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro's number.

10

Oscillations and Waves

Oscillations and periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (SHM), equation, phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in SHM - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - expression for time period: Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of traveling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, harmonics. Beats.

11

Electrostatics

Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law and superposition principle. Electric field: due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Torque on dipole. Electric flux, Gauss's law, applications: infinite line charge, plane sheet, spherical shell. Electric potential, potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy. Conductors, insulators, capacitors, capacitance, parallel and series combinations, Energy stored in capacitor.

12

Current Electricity

Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, V-I characteristics, Electrical energy and power. Resistivity, conductivity. Series and parallel resistors, Temperature dependence of resistance. Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge.

13

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Biot-Savart law, circular loop, Ampere’s law, applications: infinite wire, solenoid. Force on moving charge in magnetic and electric fields. Force on the current-carrying conductor. Torque on a current loop, Moving coil galvanometer. Current loop as a magnetic dipole. Bar magnet, magnetic dipole, Torque in a uniform field. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances.

14

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Faraday's laws, Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS values, reactance and impedance, LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, AC generator and transformer.

15

Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, Transverse nature, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays), Applications.

16

Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction, thin lens formula, lens maker formula. Total internal reflection, applications. Magnification, Power of a Lens. Combination of lenses. Microscope, Telescope. Wave optics: wavefront, Huygens' principle, Interference, Young’s experiment, Diffraction, Polarization.

17

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s equation, de Broglie relation.

18

Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering, Rutherford’s model, Bohr model, hydrogen spectrum. Nucleus composition, Mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy, nuclear fission, fusion.

19

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors, Diodes, LED, photodiode, solar cell, Zener diode, voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR).

20

Experimental Skills

Vernier calipers, Screw gauge, Simple pendulum, Young's modulus, Surface tension, Viscosity, Speed of sound, Specific heat capacity, Resistance, Ohm's law, Focal length measurement, Refractive index, Characteristic curves of diode and Zener diode.

Class 11 Chemistry Topics

Class 12 Chemistry Topics

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

The Solid State

Structure of Atom

Solutions

Classification of Elements

Electrochemistry

Chemical Bonding

Chemical Kinetics

States of Matter

Surface Chemistry

Thermodynamics

Coordination Compounds

Equilibrium

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Redox Reactions

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Hydrogen

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

The s-Block Element

Biomolecules

Some p-Block Elements

Polymers

Hydrocarbons

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles

Unit

Topic

Subtopics

1

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combinations, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

2

Structure of Atom

Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton, neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, Photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, Energy levels, hydrogen spectrum; Limitations of Bohr model; Explanation of line spectra of hydrogen; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie relation, Uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanical model of atom, orbitals and quantum numbers; Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

3

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law and the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic radius, electronegativity, electron gain enthalpy, ionization enthalpy; Electronic configurations of elements and the periodic table, Anomalous properties of second-period elements.

4

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, hybridization, resonance, geometry of molecules (VSEPR theory), molecular orbital theory (LCAO method) - bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, bond order, electronic configuration of homo and hetero diatomic molecules, resonance, polarity.

5

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, gas laws (Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law), ideal gas equation, Avogadro number, deviation from ideal behavior, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature. Liquid state - vapor pressure, viscosity, surface tension (qualitative idea).

6

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions and types of processes. The first law of thermodynamics - internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess’s law, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution. The second law of thermodynamics; the spontaneity of processes; ΔG and ΔS criteria for equilibrium, Third law of thermodynamics.

7

Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium - ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, factors affecting acid strength, electrostatic interpretation of acid strength, Lewis concept of acids and bases. Equilibrium involving gases - Ostwald’s dilution law, Henry’s law, solubility of gases in liquids, solubility product and its applications.

8

Redox Reactions

Oxidation and reduction, oxidation number, redox reactions, oxidizing and reducing agents, balancing redox reactions by oxidation number method and ion-electron method, redox potentials, electrochemical cells, electrolytic and galvanic cells; emf of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, relation between emf and equilibrium constant, electrochemical series and its applications.

9

Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in the periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses; physical and chemical properties of water; heavy water; hydrogen peroxide - preparation, reactions, uses and storage; hydrogen as a fuel.

10

s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

Group 1 Elements: Alkali metals - Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, bonding, physical and chemical properties, anomalous properties of lithium; important compounds - sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth metals - Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, bonding, physical and chemical properties, uses, biological importance of magnesium and calcium.

11

p-Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 elements - Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, physical and chemical properties, important compounds, anomalous properties, allotropes (carbon, sulfur), interhalogen compounds, noble gases.

12

Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Introduction to organic chemistry, tetravalency of carbon, structural representations, classification, hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene), nomenclature, isomerism, purification techniques (distillation, crystallization, chromatography), qualitative and quantitative analysis.

13

Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, reactions of alkanes (combustion, halogenation), stability of alkenes (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s rule), addition reactions of alkenes (hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides - mechanism), geometry (cis-trans isomerism), electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation), effect of o-, m-, p-directors.

14

Environmental Chemistry

Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, smog, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, pollution from industrial waste and green chemistry for pollution control.

15

Solid State

Classification of solids (molecular, ionic, covalent, metallic), amorphous vs. crystalline solids, unit cell in 2D and 3D, density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, band theory, conductors, semiconductors (n-type, p-type).

16

Solutions

Types of solutions, concentration expressions (molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage), Raoult’s law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, colligative properties (relative lowering of vapor pressure, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure), molecular mass determination, van’t Hoff factor.

17

Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, relation between EMF and equilibrium constant, spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, electrochemical series, electrochemical cells (electrolytic, galvanic), fuel cells, corrosion.

18

Chemical Kinetics

Reaction rate, factors affecting rate, rate law, specific rate constant, integrated rate equations, half-life (first-order reactions), collision theory, activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

19

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption (physisorption, chemisorption), factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis (homogeneous, heterogeneous), activity and selectivity of solid catalysts.

20

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Extraction principles and methods (concentration, oxidation, reduction), electrolytic method, refining, occurrence and extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, Fe.

Physics

Chemistry

Biology

Concepts of Physics by H.C. Verma (Vol 1 & 2)

NCERT Chemistry Textbooks (Class 11 & 12)

NCERT Biology Textbooks (Class 11 & 12)

NCERT Physics Textbooks

Physical Chemistry by O.P. Tandon

Trueman’s Biology

D.C. Pandey Series

Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd

Dinesh Objective Biology